Τhe Dictionary of #Psychology and #Psychoanalysis Trends 9

 

#Framing #effect (1981):

An effect of the description, #labelling, or presentation of a problem on responses to it. A classic example was provided by Israeli-American psychologists Amos #Tversky (1937-1996) and Daniel #Kahneman (born 1934), who invited participants to choose between two programmes for combating an unusual disease that was expected to kill 600 people.

Source: Source: The Oxford Dictionary of Psychology - Andrew M. Colman (4th edition, 2015: Oxford University Press).

Τhe Dictionary of #Psychology and Psychoanalysis Trends 8

 

#Foot-in-the-#door-#technique (1966):

A technique for eliciting #compliance by preceding a request for a large commitment with a request for a small one, the initial small request serving the function of softening up the target person. It was introduced and named in 1966 by the US social psychologists Jonathan L. Freedman and Scott (born 1937) Cameron Fraser (born 1943).

Source: Source: The Oxford Dictionary of Psychology - Andrew M. Colman (4th edition, 2015: Oxford University Press).

Τhe Dictionary of #Psychology and #Psychoanalysis Trends 7

   

#Focus #group (1956): 

A small group of people selected and assembled for #research purposes, to participate in an organised discussion, under the guidance of a moderator, of an issue or topic of which they have personal #experience. 

Focus groups were first proposed by the US sociologist Robert King #Merton (1910-2003) and co-authors in 'The Focused Interview': A Manual of Problems and Procedures (1956), and they have had a long history in #market research.

They have been used to a lesser extent in psychology, generally, in the tradition of qualitative research, when #interaction between group members is felt to add an important element that is lacking in other types of #interviews.

Source: Source: The Oxford Dictionary of Psychology - Andrew M. Colman (4th edition, 2015: Oxford University Press).

Τhe Dictionary of #Psychology and Psychoanalysis Trends 6

 

#Fluid #intelligence (1941): 

A fundamental factor of human #intelligence, derived from factor #analysis, corresponding roughly to non-verbal reasoning, requiring rapid understanding of #novel #relationships, measured by #tests such as #Raven's Progressive Metrics. 

As a concept, it was introduced in an article by the US psychologist Raymond Bernard #Cattell (1905-1998) in the journal 'Psychological Bulletin' in 1941 and became widely known after the publication of his book 'Abilities: Their structure, Growth and Action (1971).

Source: Source: The Oxford Dictionary of Psychology - Andrew M. Colman (4th edition, 2015: Oxford University Press).

Τhe Dictionary of #Psychology and #Psychoanalysis Trends 5

 

#Extraversion-#Introversion (1910): 

One of the #Big #Five personality factors, ranging from extreme extraversion, characterised by #traits such as sociability and assertiveness, to extreme #introversion, characterized by reserve and passivity.

The concept of introversion/extraversion was introduced in 1910 by Carl Gustav #Jung (1875-1961). Also called '#surgency'. Often spelt #extroversion, but this is an unnecessary deviation from the Latin root. 

Source: The Oxford Dictionary of Psychology - Andrew M. Colman (4th edition, 2015: Oxford University Press).

 

Τhe Dictionary of #Psychology and #Psychoanalysis Trends 4

 

#Fight-or-#flight #response (1929): 

A term introduced by the US physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon (1871-1945), and popularised in his book 'Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and rage' (1929), for the syndrome of physiological responses of an organism confronted with a situation that evoles fear, pain, or anger, such responses being mobilized by the secretion of adrenalin (epinephrine) from the adrenal medulla, preparing the organism to fight or to flee. 

It includes increased blood pressure, accelerated heart rate, deepened respiration, increased sweating, dilation of the pupils, diversion of blood flow from the digestive tract to the skeletal muscles and cessation of digestive processes, release of sugar from reserves in the liver, and closure of the sphincter of the bladder, leading to retention of urine.

Source: The Oxford Dictionary of Psychology - Andrew M. Colman (4th edition, 2015: Oxford University Press).

 

 

What can #Charlie #Brown tell us about #Psychology? Check for yourself!